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Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (UK: /d? ?bo?vw??r/, US: /d? bo??vw??r/;[3][4] French: [sim?n d? bovwa?] (listen); 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory.[5]


Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography and monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including She Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée Came to Stay and The Mandarins. Her most enduring contribution to literature are her memoirs, notable the first volume, “Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée” (1958), which have a warmth and descriptive power.[6] She was also known for her open, lifelong relationship with French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.


Simone de Beauvoir was Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée born on 9 January 1908[7] into a bourgeois Parisian family
in the 6th arrondissement.[8][9][10] Her parents were Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, a legal secretary who once aspired to be an actor,[11] and Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), a wealthy banker's daughter and devout Catholic. Simone's sister, Hélène, was born two years Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée later. The family struggled to maintain their bourgeois status after losing much of their fortune shortly after World War I, and Françoise insisted that the two daughters be sent to a prestigious convent school. Beauvoir herself was deeply religious as a child, at one point intending to become a nun. Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée She abandoned her faith in her early teens and remained an atheist for the rest of her life.[12]


Beauvoir was intellectually precocious, fueled by her father's encouragement; he reportedly would boast, "Simone thinks like a man!"[13] Because of her family's straitened circumstances, Beauvoir could no longer rely on her dowry, Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée and like other middle-class girls of her age, her marriage opportunities were put at risk. Beauvoir took this opportunity to
take steps towards earning a living for herself.[14]


After passing baccalaureate exams in mathematics and philosophy in 1925, she studied mathematics at the Institut Catholique de Paris and literature/languages at Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée the Institut Sainte-Marie [fr]. She then studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and after completing her degree in 1928, she wrote her diplôme d'études supérieures [fr] (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis) on Leibniz for Léon Brunschvicg (the topic was "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).[15]


Beauvoir first worked with Maurice Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss, when all three completed their practice teaching requirements at the same secondary school. Although not officially enrolled, she sat in on courses at the École Normale Supérieure in preparation for the agrégation in philosophy, a highly competitive postgraduate examination which serves as a national ranking of Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée students. It was while studying for the agrégation that she met École Normale students Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Nizan, and René Maheu (who gave her the lasting nickname "Castor", or "beaver").[11]
The jury for the agrégation narrowly awarded Sartre first place instead of Beauvoir, who placed second and, at age 21, Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée was the youngest person ever to pass the exam.[16]


Writing of her youth in Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter she said: "...my father's individualism and pagan ethical standards were in complete contrast to the rigidly moral conventionalism of my mother's teaching. This disequilibrium, which made my life a kind of endless Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée disputation, is the main reason why I became an intellectual."[17]


From 1929 to 1943, Beauvoir taught at the lycée level until she could support herself solely on the earnings of her writings. She taught at the Lycée Montgrand [fr] (Marseille), the Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen) [fr], and the Lycée Molière (Paris) [fr] (1936–39).[18]


During Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée October 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir became a couple and, after they were confronted by her father, Sartre asked her to marry him on a provisional basis: one day while they were sitting on a bench outside the Louvre, he
said, "Let's sign a two-year lease".[19] Though Beauvoir wrote , Mémoires d'une jeune fille rangée "Marriage was impossible. I had no dowry", scholars point out that her ideal relationships described in The Second Sex and elsewhere bore little resemblances to the marriage standards of the day.[20] Instead, they entered into a lifelong "soul partnership", which was sexual but not exclusive, nor did it invo


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